What is the average walking speed typically used in traffic engineering studies?

In traffic engineering studies, the average walking speed typically used is around 3.5 feet per second. This figure is based on empirical research that has established a general benchmark for pedestrian movement under normal conditions. The speed of 3.5 ft/s reflects a reasonable average for adults walking at a comfortable pace on sidewalks or crosswalks, accommodating varying factors such as age, mobility, and specific environmental conditions.

Using this average walking speed is essential for various analyses in traffic operations, such as calculating pedestrian crossing times at signalized intersections or assessing the overall level of service for pedestrian facilities. Establishing a standard walking speed allows engineers and planners to design infrastructure that meets the needs of pedestrian traffic effectively and ensures safety and efficiency in urban environments.